Written by Sumaiya Simran
✨ Create dummy text instantly with the Lorem Ipsum Dummy Text Generator! Fully customizable placeholder text for your designs, websites, and more—quick, easy, and professional! 🚀
If you’ve ever worked with design or publishing, you’ve likely encountered the phrase “Lorem Ipsum.” This seemingly random string of Latin words is often used as placeholder text to fill spaces in design layouts, websites, and documents. It allows designers, developers, and publishers to focus on the visual and structural aspects of a project without being distracted by content. But have you ever wondered where it came from or why it is used so extensively?
Despite its widespread use, the origins of Lorem Ipsum are shrouded in mystery, and its history is more fascinating than it might first appear. It is far more than just a jumble of words to occupy space—it has deep historical roots, and understanding its origin provides a glimpse into the evolution of typography and publishing.
In this article, we will explore the intriguing history of Lorem Ipsum, focusing on who first used it, how it became a standard tool in the publishing world, and why it continues to be indispensable in modern design and development.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Before diving into its history, it’s important to first understand what Lorem Ipsum is and why it’s used so often in the design and publishing world.
Lorem Ipsum is a type of placeholder text. It is typically used by designers, developers, and typographers to fill spaces in layouts, mockups, and designs when the actual content is not yet available. By using this filler text, professionals can create a realistic layout without the distraction of real words or incomplete content.
The text itself is made up of pseudo-Latin phrases that may seem like they’re meaningful at first glance, but in fact, they are mostly nonsensical. The most common version of Lorem Ipsum starts with the phrase:
“Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit…”
Despite its Latin appearance, it is not actual Latin language. Instead, it is a scrambled version of a passage from De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (The Extremes of Good and Evil), written by the Roman philosopher Cicero in 45 BC. The text has been altered and jumbled over time, making it difficult to read but visually similar to regular text, which is why it works so well for design purposes.
The typical Lorem Ipsum text is made up of several paragraphs and sentences, often containing variations of words, but it lacks coherent meaning. It includes words like dolor, sit, amet, and consectetur, which resemble the structure of meaningful content, but don’t form any logical sentences. This allows designers to focus on layout, font choices, and other visual elements without worrying about the actual content.
The structure of Lorem Ipsum is designed in such a way that it mirrors natural language patterns, especially in terms of letter length and spacing, making it a useful tool in typography and page layout. It’s also easy to manipulate for various font sizes and styles, which helps in testing how content fits in a design without the need for real content.
In short, Lorem Ipsum serves as a placeholder that facilitates visual decisions without distraction—an essential element in the world of design and publishing.
To truly understand the significance of Lorem Ipsum, it’s essential to explore its origins—where it came from and how it evolved into the ubiquitous placeholder text we know today.
The story of Lorem Ipsum begins in classical antiquity. The text is derived from a work by the Roman philosopher Cicero, titled De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (“The Extremes of Good and Evil”), written in 45 BC. This philosophical treatise explores the nature of ethics, morality, and pleasure, offering a deep reflection on the concept of the “highest good.”
The particular passage from De Finibus that became the foundation of Lorem Ipsum is from a section in which Cicero discusses the ethical consequences of pleasure. The original Latin text reads:
“Neque porro quisquam est qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit…”
This passage translates roughly to: “Nor is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain…”
However, over time, this original text was altered and corrupted. Early printers, particularly during the Renaissance, needed a placeholder text to demonstrate how typefaces and fonts would appear in print. In their attempts to create text that closely mimicked the structure of a real language, they borrowed portions of Cicero’s work. But rather than use the entire passage, the text was scrambled, with many of the words being distorted or truncated. This scrambled version of Cicero’s writing eventually became known as “Lorem Ipsum.”
The first known use of Lorem Ipsum as we recognize it today occurred in the 1500s, with the development of movable type printing. Aldus Manutius, a Venetian printer, is often credited with popularizing its use. He and his team would have used the nonsensical Latin text as a filler in sample pages to showcase the appearance of different fonts and layouts. Aldus was a pioneer in typography, and his press helped establish modern printing practices. The use of this placeholder text allowed publishers to experiment with design, ensuring that layouts looked balanced without being distracted by the content.
Interestingly, while Aldus Manutius and his printing press are often associated with the introduction of Lorem Ipsum, it wasn’t immediately widespread. It was only with the rise of printed books and other typesetting projects that Lorem Ipsum became a standard placeholder. The text continued to evolve as it was passed down through the centuries, eventually becoming the go-to filler text for the printing and publishing industries.
The widespread use of Lorem Ipsum as a placeholder text in the world of printing can be traced back to the 15th century, and much of its early popularity is attributed to Aldus Manutius, a prominent Venetian printer and publisher. Manutius is often credited with the introduction of the text into the printing world, using it as a way to demonstrate typefaces in printed sample pages.
In the mid-1400s, Aldus Manutius revolutionized printing by inventing the italic typeface and introducing the semicolon, among other innovations. He founded the Aldine Press in Venice, a printing house that became famous for producing high-quality books. Manutius was also a pioneer in the use of movable type, which allowed for greater flexibility and efficiency in printing.
When creating sample books and publications, Aldus and his team needed text that would fill the spaces in the layout without being distracting. Since content wasn’t always available at the time of the layout and design process, they turned to a passage from Cicero’s De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, specifically the portion that had been corrupted over the centuries. This passage—referred to as “Lorem Ipsum”—fit the bill perfectly.
Aldus Manutius is believed to have used the text to test his typefaces, allowing prospective buyers to see how the fonts looked in use. By showcasing the design with a recognizable but essentially meaningless block of text, Aldus and his team could focus entirely on the aesthetics of the font, layout, and spacing, without getting distracted by the content itself. This early usage of Lorem Ipsum laid the foundation for its continued use in the printing industry and beyond.
Although Aldus Manutius played a significant role in making Lorem Ipsum widely known in the world of typography, it didn’t immediately gain the same widespread popularity it holds today. It wasn’t until the 20th century, with the rise of digital typesetting and desktop publishing software, that Lorem Ipsum truly became an indispensable tool in modern design and development.
In the digital age, Lorem Ipsum has become an industry standard for designers, web developers, and content creators alike. It is used not only in print but also in digital media, where placeholder text helps with layout and visual mockups for websites, apps, and advertising materials. However, its roots trace directly back to Aldus Manutius and his early experiments with typography.
The question of why Lorem Ipsum became the go-to filler text in the world of design and publishing is rooted in its unique qualities, which make it both functional and effective. In the early days of printing, the primary goal was to showcase the visual elements of a page—such as font, spacing, and layout—without the distraction of meaningful content. Here’s why Lorem Ipsum was the ideal solution:
Lorem Ipsum’s most important feature is its lack of meaningful content. Because the text is made up of scrambled Latin phrases, it doesn’t convey any coherent meaning. This was crucial for early printers and designers who wanted to focus on the aesthetic elements of a page without being distracted by the actual message of the text. Real language—whether English, French, or any other—could have easily caused a reader to focus on the content rather than the design. Lorem Ipsum, on the other hand, offers no such narrative, allowing designers to keep their attention on font styles, line spacing, margins, and overall layout.
Though it is not meaningful, Lorem Ipsum closely resembles the structure and flow of natural language. The letter distribution and word lengths are similar to those of actual text, making it an excellent representation of how a real page of content will appear once the design is finalized. This makes it possible to get a good visual sense of the layout, even if the words themselves are meaningless. The flow and rhythm of the text help to simulate the overall look and feel of a page without using real content.
Another practical reason for using Lorem Ipsum is its ability to fill up space in a design without overwhelming the layout. Since the text is not a continuous block of unbroken words but rather a string of short, jumbled phrases, it naturally takes up space in a way that mimics real text. This allows designers to test different font sizes, column widths, and line lengths while simulating how text will behave once real content is inserted. It provides enough variation in letter, word, and sentence length to allow for a reasonably accurate preview of how the layout will look.
Before the digital age, getting actual content for printing or layout testing could be a slow process, especially if the final copy wasn’t available yet. Using Lorem Ipsum solved this problem by providing quick and easy filler text. Designers could proceed with layout work, typography, and spacing tests without waiting for the final content to be written. This made it easier to finalize a layout and move forward with the rest of the design process, ensuring that everything was in place and ready to go when the real copy became available.
Since Lorem Ipsum is derived from Latin, a classical language used in scholarly and academic contexts, it was familiar to many in the publishing and printing industry, especially during the Renaissance. Latin was a language understood by educated individuals, and it had the advantage of being relatively neutral and universally recognized across various cultures and languages. Its usage continued throughout the centuries, and today, despite the globalization of languages, it still serves the same purpose in design and typesetting, making it a universal tool for designers worldwide.
The use of placeholder text like Lorem Ipsum sped up the design process. Designers no longer had to wait for specific copy to fill in spaces or create temporary content each time they worked on a layout. With just a few clicks of a button, Lorem Ipsum could be generated in the required amount and quickly inserted into designs. As a result, the workflow was streamlined, leading to increased efficiency in the publishing, graphic design, and web development industries.
In short, Lorem Ipsum was adopted because it served a very specific purpose: it allowed designers to focus on the visual aspects of a project without the distraction of real or placeholder content. Its neutral, non-distracting nature made it an invaluable tool for typesetting and layout testing, and its use continues to this day in digital design and web development.
Over the centuries, Lorem Ipsum has evolved from a simple placeholder text used in early printing to an essential tool in the modern world of design, digital media, and web development. The growth of digital technology, the rise of desktop publishing, and the widespread use of content management systems have all played significant roles in the evolution of this once-niche text. Today, Lorem Ipsum is not just a relic of the printing world—it is a staple in various industries, continuing to serve as a fundamental tool for designers and developers alike.
With the advent of personal computers and desktop publishing software in the 1980s and 1990s, the use of Lorem Ipsum spread beyond traditional print media. Programs like Adobe InDesign, QuarkXPress, and Microsoft Word introduced the ability to easily generate and insert placeholder text into documents. These software applications made it easier for designers and publishers to mock up documents and layouts without the need for real content, paving the way for the widespread adoption of Lorem Ipsum in digital design.
The emergence of desktop publishing allowed design professionals to quickly create digital mockups of brochures, magazines, advertisements, and other materials. For the first time, Lorem Ipsum became a go-to tool not just in traditional print but also in digital media, from websites to email templates.
The rise of web design and the internet marked another significant shift in the use of Lorem Ipsum. As the web grew in popularity and the need for websites and online content skyrocketed, designers and developers were tasked with creating layouts and user interfaces (UIs) for websites, apps, and online platforms. In the early days of web design, content was often missing or unavailable during the layout phase, which meant that Lorem Ipsum quickly found a new home in the world of web development.
When creating a website, it’s important to consider how text will appear in different fonts, colors, and layouts, but this can be difficult without a full set of content. By using Lorem Ipsum, web designers were able to fill in content areas with a random string of words that mimicked real text. This practice enabled designers to focus on the aesthetics of the page—such as navigation bars, images, and button placement—while giving stakeholders a realistic preview of how the page would look once the actual content was added.
Tools such as Lorem Ipsum generators—available as online services, browser extensions, and built-in features of content management systems (CMS) like WordPress—have made it easier than ever to generate and insert this placeholder text into websites and digital projects. In web development, it is not uncommon to find Lorem Ipsum used in themes, templates, and UI kits for everything from blog posts to landing pages.
Beyond print and web design, Lorem Ipsum has also become a common tool in software and app development. When creating new apps, especially during the early stages of development, developers need to test interfaces, layouts, and other visual elements. Often, the content for these apps is not ready or available at the time the design is being worked on, and so, Lorem Ipsum comes in to fill the gap. It allows developers to test how the app will look once the content is populated, ensuring that the visual elements fit and that the user interface functions as intended.
Additionally, many popular app design tools, such as Sketch, Figma, and Adobe XD, come with Lorem Ipsum generators or plugins, allowing designers to easily insert placeholder text as they work on UI/UX mockups.
While the classic version of Lorem Ipsum remains the most widely used placeholder text, there are many variations and alternatives available. For instance, some Lorem Ipsum generators allow users to select different language options, including English, French, or even more playful versions, like “Cupcake Ipsum” or “Hipster Ipsum”, which add humorous or themed filler text to projects.
Despite these alternatives, the original Latin-based Lorem Ipsum remains the standard for serious design and publishing work due to its neutrality and effectiveness in mimicking real content. However, the emergence of new tools and options has allowed for a more diverse range of placeholder texts, making it easier for designers to choose an option that best suits their project’s tone and style.
Even in today’s fast-paced, content-heavy digital world, Lorem Ipsum remains an integral part of the design process. Its continued relevance is largely due to its simplicity and versatility. Whether it’s used to fill gaps in web designs, generate filler content in digital mockups, or test typography in a printed brochure, Lorem Ipsum continues to serve its original purpose as a placeholder text. It remains a key tool for professionals across various fields, from graphic design to web development.
In fact, the ongoing use of Lorem Ipsum in the digital age highlights how foundational this placeholder text has become. It serves not only as a bridge between incomplete designs and final content but also as a symbol of the intersection between creative processes and technical execution.
Lorem Ipsum’s influence on the design industry cannot be overstated. What began as a simple placeholder text has transformed into an essential tool for designers, developers, and publishers across various fields. Its role in streamlining workflows, enhancing design processes, and fostering creativity is integral to how modern design and publishing projects are executed. Here’s a closer look at the lasting impact Lorem Ipsum has had on the design industry:
One of the most significant ways that Lorem Ipsum has impacted the design industry is by allowing for more efficient workflows. Before the availability of placeholder text, designers often had to wait for real content or create temporary text, which could slow down the design process. By using Lorem Ipsum, designers could move forward with layout decisions without the need to wait for written content.
This efficiency became particularly valuable in fast-paced industries where tight deadlines are common. Whether creating a website, brochure, or magazine layout, the use of Lorem Ipsum allows designers to test typography, font sizes, and spacing, all while keeping the focus on visual design elements. This enabled designers to complete projects faster and with more precision, knowing that once the content was available, it could simply replace the placeholder text.
In design projects, especially large ones involving multiple team members—such as designers, developers, copywriters, and clients—clear communication is essential. Lorem Ipsum helps facilitate this by providing a consistent placeholder that everyone can understand. Clients and collaborators can focus on the visual elements and structure of a layout without getting bogged down by the absence of actual content.
For example, when presenting a website or printed layout to a client, using Lorem Ipsum instead of incomplete text prevents them from focusing too much on the words themselves, which may not yet be final. Instead, they can give feedback on design elements like typography, spacing, and layout structure. This is crucial during the review stages, as the visual elements can be fine-tuned before the final copy is inserted.
Moreover, Lorem Ipsum acts as a neutral placeholder that works across different languages and industries. Whether designing an international website or a regional brochure, the use of a universal placeholder allows teams from different regions to collaborate more effectively.
While Lorem Ipsum may appear as just a filler, it allows designers to experiment with their creativity. By removing the distraction of content, designers can concentrate solely on the artistic aspects of a project—like the overall visual flow, color schemes, and how text interacts with images. In the early stages of design, the focus can shift entirely to exploring the aesthetic possibilities of the layout.
For example, when designing a website, using Lorem Ipsum in the prototype phase allows designers to try different fonts, spacing, and alignments, ensuring that the page looks visually pleasing and cohesive. Similarly, in print design, Lorem Ipsum helps visualize how text will appear on the page, influencing design decisions regarding typography, headers, footers, and image placement.
Without the constraint of needing real content, designers have more freedom to explore different concepts, iterate, and ultimately create more polished, innovative designs.
The use of Lorem Ipsum has also had a significant impact on prototyping and testing. Whether working on a website, app, or print publication, prototypes often need to be tested for usability, readability, and design functionality. Placeholder text plays a critical role in this process by allowing designers to simulate real content, so they can see how a design functions in a real-world context.
In web development, for instance, developers use Lorem Ipsum to test the functionality of text-related elements, such as scrollbars, line spacing, and text boxes. By placing this placeholder text into a design early on, it’s easier to identify and fix layout issues before the actual content is available. Similarly, in print design, Lorem Ipsum helps to visualize how the layout will look with different lengths of text, ensuring that everything fits properly on the page.
For digital and web designers, one of the most important goals is to optimize the user experience (UX). Lorem Ipsum can play a key role in achieving this by ensuring that the visual design is functional before real content is added. When developers and designers use placeholder text, they can evaluate the design for readability, navigation ease, and overall layout flow.
For example, in mobile app development, UX designers can use Lorem Ipsum to simulate how content will look in a specific layout or screen size, ensuring that buttons, text fields, and menus align properly. They can also assess how text-heavy pages look to the user, making adjustments to prevent overcrowding or unreadability.
Furthermore, by using Lorem Ipsum during the prototyping stage, designers and developers can test the responsiveness of a design across different devices and screen sizes. This ensures that the user experience remains consistent, whether the final product is viewed on a desktop computer, tablet, or smartphone.
In large design projects or multi-page publications, consistency is key. Lorem Ipsum plays a crucial role in maintaining consistency throughout a project. Since it has a standardized format, designers can easily replicate it across multiple pages or screens without worrying about changes in content or meaning. This helps maintain visual coherence throughout the layout process.
For instance, when designing a multi-page magazine or website, using Lorem Ipsum ensures that all pages are filled with the same type of placeholder text, allowing the designer to focus on ensuring that headers, subheaders, text blocks, and images are placed consistently across all pages. This consistency leads to a polished, professional final product that adheres to the original design vision.
As Lorem Ipsum continues to be a vital tool in the design world, many people have questions about its origins, usage, and purpose. Here are some of the most frequently asked questions about Lorem Ipsum:
1. What is Lorem Ipsum, and why is it used?
Lorem Ipsum is placeholder text used in the design and publishing industries to fill space on a page or screen before the actual content is available. It’s derived from a work by the Roman philosopher Cicero, but the text has been scrambled and corrupted over the centuries. The primary reason for using Lorem Ipsum is that it mimics the appearance and structure of natural language, allowing designers to focus on layout and typography without being distracted by the actual content.
2. Is Lorem Ipsum readable?
No, Lorem Ipsum is not meant to be readable or meaningful. It is a scrambled version of Latin text, originally from Cicero’s De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum. The text serves as a placeholder to simulate the visual flow of a real language, but it is not intended for reading or comprehension. Its lack of meaning makes it ideal for design purposes, as it doesn’t distract from the visual aspects of a project.
3. Why is Lorem Ipsum in Latin?
Lorem Ipsum is in Latin because Latin was the language of scholars and educated individuals during the time of its first use in printing. Latin was widely understood in Europe during the Renaissance when Aldus Manutius and other early printers adopted it for typesetting purposes. Using Latin provided a neutral, non-specific text that was universally recognized, making it ideal for placeholder content in the print industry.
4. Can I use Lorem Ipsum in my design projects?
Yes, you can use Lorem Ipsum freely in your design projects. It is widely available as a tool for graphic designers, web developers, and content creators. There are many online generators and software tools that allow you to quickly generate Lorem Ipsum text for use in your designs. It is a standard practice across various industries, and there are no copyright restrictions on using Lorem Ipsum.
5. Are there alternatives to Lorem Ipsum?
Yes, there are several alternatives to Lorem Ipsum. Some designers prefer using “dummy text” or “placeholder text” in other languages, or even creative versions with more thematic words. For example, “Cupcake Ipsum” or “Hipster Ipsum” are playful variations that replace the standard Latin text with fun, themed filler text. These alternatives may be used when you want to add a specific tone or atmosphere to a design, but the classic Lorem Ipsum remains the most widely used placeholder text.
6. Can Lorem Ipsum be used for multilingual projects?
Yes, Lorem Ipsum is often used in multilingual projects. Its neutral Latin structure allows it to work well across various languages, making it a practical choice for international design projects. Since the text itself doesn’t convey any specific meaning, it can be used in projects that require design testing for different language layouts and fonts. However, there are also Lorem Ipsum generators available in other languages, such as French, Spanish, and German, if you want to tailor your placeholder text to a specific linguistic context.
7. Is there a specific length for Lorem Ipsum text?
No, there isn’t a fixed length for Lorem Ipsum text. The amount of Lorem Ipsum you use in a design project depends on the space you need to fill and the size of the layout. For a webpage, you might use just a few paragraphs, while for print layouts like brochures or books, you might use several pages. Online Lorem Ipsum generators typically allow you to customize the amount of text you need, whether that’s a single sentence or several hundred words.
8. Does Lorem Ipsum have any significance beyond design?
While Lorem Ipsum is mainly used in design, its origins do have significance in classical literature. The text comes from Cicero’s De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, a philosophical treatise on ethics and morality. Although the Lorem Ipsum version is not intended to be meaningful, it does serve as a reminder of the text’s classical roots. The real significance of Lorem Ipsum, however, lies in its practical use as a placeholder in design and publishing.
9. Is there any risk of using Lorem Ipsum in web development?
There is generally no risk in using Lorem Ipsum in web development, provided it’s used as a placeholder for design purposes. However, developers should ensure that real, meaningful content replaces the Lorem Ipsum text before launching a website or app. Using Lorem Ipsum in a live product can create confusion for users and give a professional project an unfinished or unpolished look. Always replace Lorem Ipsum with actual copy before finalizing any design or launching a project.
10. How did Lorem Ipsum become so popular?
Lorem Ipsum gained widespread popularity due to its adoption by Aldus Manutius, a Renaissance printer who used it to test and display fonts in his printed materials. Over time, it became a standard placeholder text in the printing industry. With the rise of digital design and web development, Lorem Ipsum found a new life as a placeholder text in digital mockups, web pages, and app designs. Its simplicity, versatility, and historical roots helped it maintain its popularity and relevance in modern design workflows.
Lorem Ipsum, though originating centuries ago, continues to hold an essential place in the design, publishing, and development industries. From its roots in the Renaissance printing presses to its widespread use in modern digital media, Lorem Ipsum has proven itself as a versatile and effective tool for designers, developers, and content creators alike.
The main reason for its enduring popularity is its ability to serve as a neutral, non-distracting placeholder text. By mimicking the appearance and structure of real language without conveying meaning, it allows designers and developers to focus on the layout, typography, and visual elements of a project. Whether in print, web design, or app development, it helps streamline workflows, facilitate collaboration, and ensure that designs are both functional and visually appealing.
As design practices evolve and new technologies emerge, Lorem Ipsum remains a timeless solution for filling spaces with placeholder text. While it’s always possible to use more creative alternatives, the simplicity and universality of Lorem Ipsum ensure that it will likely remain a staple in the design world for years to come.
In the end, whether you’re working on a new website, a digital ad, or a print publication, Lorem Ipsum is an invaluable tool that helps bring creative ideas to life. It may be a small part of the design process, but its impact is undeniable. By offering a simple and effective way to test layouts and showcase designs, it remains a cornerstone of the creative process across industries.
This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 12:20 pm
Lorem Ipsum is widely recognized as placeholder text in the design and publishing industries. Originating from Latin literature, it serves as filler text to simulate the appearance of written content without distracting from the visual layout. However, with globalization and the need for diverse representations, Lorem Ipsum has been adapted into various languages, including Arabic. […]
Lorem Ipsum has been a staple in the design and publishing world for decades. This seemingly nonsensical placeholder text is used to fill spaces in drafts and mockups when the actual content isn’t yet available. But is it okay to use Lorem Ipsum? Let’s dive into the pros and cons of using this text and […]
Lorem Ipsum is widely used as placeholder text in design, publishing, and development projects. It allows designers and developers to focus on layout and visual elements without the distraction of actual content. If you need to paste Lorem Ipsum into your project, here’s a guide that walks you through the steps for various platforms and […]
In the world of design and publishing, “Lorem Ipsum” is a term that frequently appears. But what does it really mean? Many people encounter this placeholder text in various contexts, from website mockups to printed materials, yet its purpose and origins remain shrouded in mystery for some. This article delves into the meaning of Lorem […]
The fashion world is constantly evolving, and with it, unique trends emerge that captivate enthusiasts. One such trend gaining popularity is the Lorem Ipsum Hoodie. This seemingly cryptic design has managed to blend creativity with fashion, offering something both intriguing and stylish. But what exactly is a Lorem Ipsum hoodie, and why has it become […]
In the world of design and web development, the concept of “Lorem Ipsum” is ubiquitous. If you’ve ever worked on creating a website, flyer, or any digital or print design, you’ve likely encountered blocks of placeholder text that begin with “Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet…”. But have you ever wondered, why do we use Lorem […]
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Comment *
Name *
Email *
Website
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.