Written by Sumaiya Simran
✨ Create dummy text instantly with the Lorem Ipsum Dummy Text Generator! Fully customizable placeholder text for your designs, websites, and more—quick, easy, and professional! 🚀
In the world of publishing, design plays a pivotal role in shaping the reader’s experience, and one of the key elements that aids designers and publishers in creating effective layouts is dummy text. But what exactly is dummy text, and why is it so essential in the publishing industry?
Dummy text refers to placeholder text used to fill spaces in a publication or design layout when actual content is not yet available. This allows designers to focus on the overall structure, typography, and visual elements of a project without being distracted by the content itself.
While dummy text may seem like a minor detail in the publishing process, it actually serves several important purposes, from helping visualize the final design to testing out different fonts and styles. Over time, the most popular and widely recognized form of dummy text, known as “Lorem Ipsum,” has become synonymous with placeholder text.
In this article, we’ll explore what dummy text is, its history, how it’s used in publishing, and why it remains an indispensable tool for designers, publishers, and content creators. We’ll also delve into common types of dummy text, its benefits, and the best practices for using it effectively. By the end of this article, you’ll have a clear understanding of how dummy text contributes to the design process and why it continues to be an integral part of the publishing world. Let’s dive in!
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Facilitates the Design Process: Dummy text allows designers to create visually appealing layouts without having to wait for the final content.
Improves Layout and Typography Testing: It enables designers to test fonts, line spacing, and content flow in a realistic manner.
Customizable for Specific Projects: While Lorem Ipsum is the most common placeholder text, it can be tailored to better suit specific industries or project needs.
Streamlines Feedback and Revisions: Dummy text helps stakeholders and clients focus on the visual aspects of a design, making it easier to provide valuable feedback early in the process.
Speeds Up Production: By using dummy text in the early stages, the integration of real content becomes much smoother, saving valuable time during the final stages of production.
Dummy text, also known as placeholder text, is a collection of characters or words that are used to fill spaces in a layout or design where actual content has not yet been written or provided. Its primary purpose is to offer a visual representation of how the final text will look within a particular design. This helps designers, publishers, and content creators to focus on aspects like typography, font size, line spacing, and overall layout without the distraction of real content.
In essence, dummy text serves as a temporary stand-in to give a realistic impression of how a finished publication might look once the final text is inserted. It allows teams to experiment with design elements, adjust the layout, and visualize the overall structure of a page or publication, whether it’s a website, a printed brochure, or a book.
While the form and structure of dummy text can vary, its role remains the same: to simulate the presence of content in a way that helps designers make informed decisions during the layout and design process. Dummy text doesn’t focus on meaning or coherence; instead, it’s purely a tool for testing visual aspects of design.
The most famous example of dummy text is Lorem Ipsum, a scrambled Latin passage that has been used in publishing for centuries. However, dummy text can also take many other forms, from random letters and words to specialized content designed to reflect the tone or style of the final publication.
In summary, dummy text is essential for building a visually accurate prototype of a design, ensuring that the final publication looks polished, balanced, and aesthetically pleasing. Whether you’re creating a website, a magazine, or a book, dummy text helps you focus on the bigger picture while you wait for the real content to arrive.
The use of dummy text in publishing has a rich history, with roots dating back to the 15th century, long before it became synonymous with modern design. The most commonly used dummy text, Lorem Ipsum, has an intriguing origin that ties into both the early days of typography and the rise of printing presses.
The phrase “Lorem Ipsum” is derived from a passage in a work by the Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero. The full text, “dolorem ipsum,” comes from Cicero’s De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (On the Ends of Good and Evil), written in 45 BC. The specific passage used for the dummy text is a scrambled, nonsensical version of Cicero’s writing, created to approximate the appearance of real text without carrying any meaningful content.
The purpose of this scrambled text was simple: it filled space in the design and layout of printed material, allowing designers and printers to focus on the visual elements of their work rather than worrying about the exact wording or content. Over time, this passage became standardized, and printers adopted it as the go-to example of placeholder text. The use of Lorem Ipsum became especially popular in the early days of the printing press when designers began creating books and pamphlets using movable type.
In the days before digital design, publishing was a painstaking process. Text had to be typeset manually, letter by letter, which made trial layouts a complex and time-consuming task. Dummy text, in its early form, was crucial during the typesetting process to create layouts that demonstrated font choices, margins, line spacing, and other typographic elements.
By using a non-sensical passage like Lorem Ipsum, printers could experiment with how the text would look on the page without getting distracted by meaningful content. This was especially helpful for test prints, where the goal was to evaluate the visual appeal of a design or layout before inserting the actual content.
With the advent of digital typesetting and desktop publishing in the late 20th century, the role of dummy text became even more prominent. As graphic design software such as Adobe InDesign and QuarkXPress became widely used, designers were able to experiment with layouts in real-time, integrating dummy text into digital drafts. This saved time and effort and allowed for faster iterations in design.
While Lorem Ipsum remained the default choice for many designers, other forms of dummy text began to emerge as well. Some designers started using random words or sentences in place of traditional placeholder text, while others tailored dummy text to specific types of projects, such as website mockups or advertisements.
Today, digital tools allow designers to generate custom dummy text automatically, further streamlining the design process. However, the timeless nature of Lorem Ipsum continues to make it the most recognizable and widely used form of placeholder text in the publishing and design industries.
Dummy text plays a crucial role in the publishing industry, providing a practical solution to a variety of challenges that arise during the design and layout stages. Its purpose goes beyond mere placeholder content; it serves several key functions that help designers, publishers, and other stakeholders streamline their workflow and ensure the quality of the final product. Let’s explore the primary reasons why dummy text is so important in publishing.
One of the main reasons dummy text is used in publishing is that it allows designers to focus on the visual structure of a project before the actual content is ready. When designing a page, whether it’s for print or digital formats, designers need to assess how the content will interact with the layout, typography, and other design elements like images and graphics. By using dummy text, they can experiment with different font styles, sizes, spacing, and column layouts to determine what works best for the page’s design.
For example, a magazine layout might include sections with varying text densities, like headlines, subheadings, and body text. Dummy text helps to simulate this effect, allowing designers to assess how the content flows within the space and to make design adjustments accordingly.
While working on a publication’s layout, it’s essential to see how the page looks with text in place. Actual content may not always be available during early stages of design, especially if the publication is still being written or edited. Dummy text fills these gaps in the layout, creating a visually complete page. Importantly, since the placeholder text is nonsensical, it ensures that attention stays on the layout and design elements rather than the meaning of the text.
For example, when working on a website design or a brochure, having placeholder text in place can give clients, editors, and other stakeholders a better sense of how the final version will appear, without distracting them with the actual content.
Dummy text is invaluable when it comes to testing typography and formatting. Different fonts and text styles can significantly affect the overall look and feel of a publication. Designers can use placeholder text to test how a particular font interacts with the layout, how different line heights and column widths affect readability, and whether the text fits within the design without appearing cramped or too sparse.
By using dummy text, designers can ensure that all typographic elements are optimized before the final content is inserted. This saves time and effort by allowing adjustments to be made without needing to wait for content or rewriting text multiple times.
Another advantage of using dummy text is that it helps to maintain focus on the design itself. When working on a publication, it’s easy for both designers and stakeholders to get caught up in the specifics of the actual content, such as wording, grammar, or tone. However, during the initial stages of layout and design, it’s more important to focus on the visual elements like color schemes, alignment, and spacing.
Dummy text ensures that the content doesn’t become a distraction during this critical phase. It allows everyone involved in the project to focus on the layout’s look and feel before worrying about content accuracy.
Dummy text is also useful for presenting the structure of content. In most publications, content is divided into sections, with distinct formatting for headings, subheadings, paragraphs, and lists. Dummy text can be organized in such a way that it mimics the final content structure, helping designers and clients visualize how the layout will accommodate different types of content.
For example, if the publication has multiple sections with varied content types (e.g., articles, images, captions, quotes), the designer can use dummy text to mock up each section’s unique layout. This ensures that the content’s organization will be coherent and visually appealing once the actual text is added.
In summary, dummy text is a powerful tool that plays several essential roles in the publishing process. It allows designers to focus on the visual aspects of a project, from typography and layout to content flow and spacing, without being distracted by the specifics of the actual content. By using dummy text, the publishing process becomes more efficient, streamlined, and effective, ensuring that the final product is polished and ready for its intended audience.
While Lorem Ipsum is the most well-known and widely used form of dummy text, there are several other types of placeholder text that designers and publishers can use based on the specific needs of their projects. Each type serves a unique purpose, and the choice of dummy text depends on factors like the layout, audience, and purpose of the publication.
Lorem Ipsum has been the go-to dummy text for centuries. It’s a scrambled version of a passage from Cicero’s De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (On the Ends of Good and Evil), written in 45 BC. The text has been altered to be nonsensical, making it ideal for use as placeholder text. Despite its lack of meaning, Lorem Ipsum retains the same letter distribution and word length as standard text, allowing designers to simulate real content without distraction.
Lorem Ipsum is particularly useful because it preserves the natural flow of Latin-based language, making it easier for designers to evaluate the appearance of text in terms of line length, spacing, and overall layout. It is universally recognized in the design industry and remains the default dummy text in most graphic design software.
For designers who prefer to use a more historically accurate version of the text, Cicero’s original passage in De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum can be used as dummy text. While it still won’t provide any meaningful content, this version of the text allows for a deeper connection to the origins of placeholder text, offering a historical context for its use.
Unlike the scrambled Lorem Ipsum, this text remains in its original form, preserving the philosophical and rhetorical nature of Cicero’s writing. While not commonly used for modern design mockups, it may be of interest to those working on projects with a classical theme or academic focus.
In modern design, there are also random word generators that create nonsensical placeholder text. These generators can produce random strings of words, sentences, or even entire paragraphs. The advantage of using random text is that it can reflect a wider variety of languages and word structures, making it useful for projects with a specific tone or language in mind.
For example, if a designer is creating a layout for a non-Latin language publication, they can use a random word generator that mimics the structure of the language to get an idea of how the layout will handle text that differs in letter length or sentence construction.
Another benefit of random word generators is that they allow for more customization. Designers can choose the length of the text or decide whether to use a formal or informal tone. This flexibility makes random text generators a great choice for projects that need a placeholder text that better fits the style and tone of the publication.
In some cases, designers or publishers may prefer to use customized dummy text tailored to the specific project at hand. This type of placeholder text might reflect the intended content or subject matter more closely, allowing for better visualization of the final design with content that resembles the final copy.
For example, a designer working on a website for a restaurant may use placeholder text like “Menu items will be listed here,” or “Opening hours: 9:00 AM – 9:00 PM,” to represent sections that will be filled with real information later. This can give the design team a clearer sense of how the content will look within the structure, especially if the website’s tone is more casual or industry-specific.
Custom dummy text also allows for the inclusion of specific keywords or phrases, which can be useful for projects related to SEO (Search Engine Optimization) or other specialized content that needs to reflect a particular set of terms or industry jargon.
Another alternative to Lorem Ipsum is using famous quotes or phrases as dummy text. While not nonsensical, this form of placeholder text can still serve a similar purpose, especially if the designer or publisher wants to test how well certain quotes or expressions fit into the design layout.
For example, using quotes from historical figures or literary works can help simulate text flow in publications with a literary or educational theme. This type of dummy text can also be helpful in projects that are expected to include large blocks of text, such as books or journals, where the content needs to be tested for readability and flow.
For some projects, repeating letters or symbols can be used as dummy text. This can be as simple as a series of “lorem ipsum” repeated multiple times or a line of random symbols such as “#$%&*”. These options are often used when the primary focus is on testing the visual appeal of the layout, typography, or overall structure rather than content length or word flow.
While not commonly used for textual content, repeating letters and symbols are particularly useful for testing areas of design that require spacing, grid alignment, or the filling of large sections of content space.
Dummy text plays an integral role in the publishing process, serving as a placeholder during various stages of design and layout. Its use allows designers and publishers to focus on the visual elements of a publication before final content is available. Let’s explore how dummy text is used at different stages of the publishing process, from initial drafts to final designs.
The first stage in the publishing process often involves creating mockups or prototypes to visualize the final design. At this point, the actual content may not be ready, especially if the publication is still in the early stages of development. Dummy text helps fill these gaps, providing a realistic representation of how the final text will appear in the layout.
For example, when designing a magazine or a brochure, designers will use dummy text to show where articles, headlines, and subheadings will be placed. This allows stakeholders to evaluate the flow of content, test different typography styles, and ensure the layout looks balanced and cohesive. Dummy text, like Lorem Ipsum, provides a quick and effective way to create a visual design without needing the actual text.
During the design process, layout and typography are key elements that need to be tested and refined. Dummy text is crucial in helping designers assess how the content will behave within the layout.
By using dummy text, designers can make adjustments to the layout and typography before the final content is inserted, saving time and reducing the risk of layout errors once real content is available.
Once the initial design is established, dummy text is used to refine the structure of the publication. This includes defining the sections of the publication (e.g., introduction, body, conclusion), testing the balance of text and images, and ensuring that different types of content (headlines, captions, pull quotes) are properly spaced and aligned.
For example, in a magazine, articles might be divided into distinct sections with varying levels of importance. Dummy text helps simulate this content structure, allowing the designer to test how the different sections will appear and ensuring the final design accommodates these elements effectively.
Similarly, for websites and digital publications, dummy text is used to simulate how the content will look in different sections of the layout. For example, long paragraphs might be tested for readability, while short snippets of text may be used to represent call-to-action buttons or product descriptions. This gives designers a complete picture of how the final content will work with the design.
After the initial layout and design are established with dummy text, stakeholders (such as clients, editors, or project managers) are often asked to review the design. Since the content is not yet finalized, they can focus entirely on the visual and structural aspects of the design, providing valuable feedback on elements like:
Using dummy text allows for efficient and effective feedback without being distracted by incomplete or evolving content. Once feedback is received, revisions can be made to improve the design before the actual content is incorporated.
Once the design is approved and finalized, the dummy text is replaced with the real content. This is the final stage of the publishing process, where the actual written material (articles, product descriptions, captions, etc.) is inserted into the layout.
At this point, designers may need to adjust the layout slightly to accommodate the new content, especially if the real text differs in length or structure from the placeholder text. For example, long paragraphs may require changes to column widths or line spacing, while shorter content might necessitate reworking the overall layout to ensure it looks polished and cohesive.
Dummy text helps facilitate this final integration by providing a solid foundation for the layout, making it easier to incorporate real content without disrupting the design. This smooth transition between placeholder text and final copy ensures that the publication meets both visual and content-related goals.
Once the real content has been integrated and the design has been refined, the publication is ready for printing or digital publishing. In traditional publishing, such as books or magazines, the final layout is sent to a printer. For digital publications, the layout is typically converted into a web format or PDF and shared online or via email.
The use of dummy text in earlier stages of the process allows for a smooth and efficient production cycle. By the time the final content is added, designers have already ensured that the layout and typography are optimized, so the publication can be produced quickly and without unnecessary delays.
While dummy text is an invaluable tool for designers and publishers, it’s important to use it effectively to get the most out of its benefits. Using placeholder text thoughtfully can enhance the design process and help produce a polished final product. Here are some best practices to keep in mind when working with dummy text in publishing:
When using dummy text, it’s essential to consider the structure of the content that will eventually replace the placeholder text. Even though the dummy text doesn’t carry any meaningful content, it’s still helpful to organize it in a way that mirrors the actual structure of the final text. This will help you visualize how different sections of content will interact with the layout and design.
For example, if the final publication will contain multiple sections (e.g., headlines, body text, pull quotes, images), it’s a good idea to organize your dummy text to mimic this structure. This way, you can test how the different elements will fit together in the layout and ensure that each section is visually balanced.
By maintaining a clear content structure, you can avoid having random chunks of text that don’t accurately represent how the final content will be arranged. This approach will help you refine the design and make necessary adjustments before the real content is added.
While dummy text is helpful, it’s important not to rely on it too much. Overusing placeholder text in early design stages can create a false sense of completeness. Designers may become too focused on tweaking the visual layout, typography, or other elements, rather than preparing for the real content that will eventually be added.
The best approach is to use dummy text for testing the layout, but make sure to start integrating actual content as soon as it becomes available. This ensures that the design remains functional and adaptable to real-world text, which may vary in length, tone, or structure.
For certain projects, generic Lorem Ipsum text may not be the best fit, as it doesn’t always reflect the style or tone of the final content. In these cases, consider customizing the dummy text to suit the project’s needs. For example:
Customizing the dummy text can give you a better idea of how the final content will fit into the design and help you assess whether certain design elements need to be adjusted. It also provides stakeholders with a clearer representation of the content’s eventual look and feel, making the design process more efficient.
The length of the dummy text should be chosen based on the type of design you’re working on. For instance:
By adjusting the amount of dummy text, you can ensure that the design will handle different types of content effectively, whether it’s short and snappy or long and detailed.
In digital publishing, there are often interactive elements like buttons, call-to-action phrases, and links. Dummy text can help you test these elements by filling in placeholder text that represents their final content.
For example, a website design might feature a “Sign Up” button. Instead of leaving the button blank, use dummy text like “Click here to subscribe” or “Join our newsletter today.” By filling in these areas with realistic placeholder text, you can test how they fit within the layout, adjust for readability, and ensure the overall user experience is optimized.
When working with dummy text, particularly for projects aimed at international audiences, it’s important to consider language and cultural differences. Dummy text like Lorem Ipsum is based on Latin, which works well for designs in Western languages. However, if you’re designing for a non-Latin script (such as Arabic, Chinese, or Cyrillic), you should use placeholder text in the target language to better reflect how the final content will appear.
Additionally, some cultures have specific typographic preferences and layout expectations. For example, languages like Arabic or Hebrew are read from right to left, which requires a different layout approach than left-to-right languages like English. By using localized dummy text, you can ensure that the design will be culturally appropriate and the layout will work well across different scripts.
One of the most critical best practices for using dummy text is to replace it with real content as soon as it’s available. Relying on placeholder text for too long can result in a design that is disconnected from the actual content. Once the real text is ready, incorporate it into the design and make any necessary adjustments to accommodate it.
This process ensures that the final layout is flexible and capable of handling different types of content, whether it’s large bodies of text or short snippets. It also provides an opportunity to finalize typography, layout, and design elements based on the actual length and structure of the real content.
Below are some frequently asked questions about dummy text in publishing, along with their answers, to further clarify any doubts and provide a deeper understanding of its use and importance.
1. Why is “Lorem Ipsum” commonly used as dummy text?
Answer:Lorem Ipsum is widely used because it is derived from Latin, making it look like real text without being meaningful. This allows designers and publishers to focus on visual elements such as typography, layout, and design without being distracted by the content’s meaning. The structure of Lorem Ipsum also resembles that of typical English text, so it mimics the flow and length of real content, making it ideal for testing how text will fit into a layout.
2. Can I use any kind of text as dummy text?
Answer:Yes, you can use any kind of text as dummy text, whether it’s Lorem Ipsum, random words, custom placeholders, or even famous quotes. The key is that it should not distract from the design process, so it’s best to use nonsensical or neutral text that mimics the length and structure of the actual content. For some projects, such as websites or product brochures, customizing the placeholder text to reflect specific content types or industry terminology can be very helpful.
3. Can dummy text be used in digital publications?
Answer:Absolutely. Dummy text is just as important in digital publishing as it is in print design. In websites, apps, or digital brochures, placeholder text is used to fill in spaces where actual content will eventually be placed. It helps web designers test layout structures, typography, and user interface elements before finalizing the content. It also allows for a more efficient review process by focusing on visual design without being distracted by incomplete content.
4. How can I create custom dummy text?
Answer:Creating custom dummy text involves tailoring the text to the specific needs of the project. You can manually write placeholder text, use specific jargon, or even generate phrases relevant to the industry or purpose of the publication. There are also online tools and software that can generate customized placeholder text based on parameters such as word count, tone, or industry-specific terms. Custom dummy text can be especially useful when you want to simulate content that is closer to the real material in style or subject matter.
5. Is dummy text only useful for designers?
Answer:While dummy text is primarily used by designers to test and evaluate the layout and structure of a publication, it is also beneficial for other roles within the publishing process. Editors, project managers, and stakeholders can use dummy text to get a sense of how the final content will fit into the design without being distracted by incomplete or evolving text. It provides a clearer picture of how different sections of the publication will look once the real content is added.
6. How does dummy text help with SEO in digital publications?
Answer:Although dummy text doesn’t contribute to SEO directly, it helps digital publishers test and optimize the layout for SEO-related elements like headings, subheadings, and meta descriptions. By using placeholder text to simulate how actual content will appear, designers can ensure that SEO-friendly elements, such as keyword-rich headings or content structures, are properly formatted and aligned. This preparation helps SEO specialists refine the content once it’s added, ensuring the final publication is well-optimized for search engines.
7. When should I replace dummy text with real content?
Answer:Dummy text should be replaced with real content as soon as it becomes available. This ensures the design is fully adapted to the actual material and avoids any inconsistencies. It’s best to replace placeholder text during the final stages of the design process, once the layout and typography have been fully established. Doing so will also allow you to make any final adjustments to spacing, line breaks, or font sizes based on the real content’s length and structure.
8. Can I use too much dummy text in a design?
Answer:Yes, overusing dummy text can lead to issues. If you rely too heavily on placeholder text, it may cause you to overlook crucial design or content-related adjustments. Additionally, constantly using dummy text may create a false sense of completion, as the real content could bring up issues like text overflow, formatting inconsistencies, or alignment problems. It’s essential to replace dummy text with actual content as soon as possible to ensure that the design functions well with real material and doesn’t require last-minute adjustments.
9. Is there any substitute for dummy text in publishing?
Answer:While Lorem Ipsum is the most common form of placeholder text, alternatives can be used depending on the project’s needs. Some common substitutes include random word generators, custom content that mimics the final text, or famous quotes and phrases. For specific industries or languages, tailored placeholder text might be necessary to represent how the content will appear in the final publication. As long as the substitute text serves to provide a realistic preview of the design, it can be a suitable replacement for traditional dummy text.
10. Is using dummy text a time-saver?
Answer:Yes, using dummy text saves significant time in the publishing process. It allows designers to focus on the visual elements and structure of the layout without waiting for the actual content. It streamlines the workflow, enabling efficient testing and revision of the design. Once the real content is available, it can be quickly integrated into the layout, ensuring the publication process is timely and well-coordinated.
Dummy text, despite its seemingly simple and often unnoticed role, is an essential part of the publishing and design process. It allows designers to focus on the layout, structure, typography, and overall aesthetic of a publication without the distraction of incomplete or unavailable content. Whether used in print, digital, or web design, placeholder text such as Lorem Ipsum serves as a tool to visualize how real content will fit into the design, ensuring that all elements work cohesively together before finalizing the product.
Dummy text should not be viewed as a mere placeholder but as a valuable tool for refining design, layout, and structure. When used thoughtfully and strategically, it helps designers create well-rounded, effective designs that are ready for the final content, ensuring that both form and function come together seamlessly.
Ultimately, while dummy text is only a temporary measure in the publishing process, its role in testing, planning, and visualizing the final design cannot be overstated. Whether you’re working on a print project, a website, or a digital publication, incorporating dummy text into the early stages can lead to more successful, visually appealing, and well-structured outcomes.
This page was last edited on 23 January 2025, at 2:54 pm
In the realm of graphic design and typography, the choice of typeface plays a crucial role in conveying messages and emotions. A typeface is a set of characters, including letters, numbers, and symbols, that share a common design. It serves not just as a means of communication but also as a visual element that can […]
In the world of web design, content creation, and software development, the use of dummy text has become a standard practice. Dummy text helps designers and developers visualize how text will appear on a webpage or app without having to use real content. This allows them to focus on the layout, typography, and user experience […]
In today’s digital world, creating content efficiently is essential for personal and professional projects alike. One tool that’s gaining popularity is the free text generator. Whether you’re a writer, marketer, or business owner, understanding how free text generators work and how they can benefit you is crucial. This guide will explore what free text generators […]
Memes have become a fundamental part of online culture, transforming the way we communicate, entertain, and express humor on social media. From viral jokes to political commentary, memes are used to convey thoughts and ideas in a way that’s quick, relatable, and engaging. Central to the creation of these memes is the witty or impactful […]
In the ever-evolving world of digital marketing, creating compelling and attention-grabbing text is crucial. Whether you’re designing a promotional campaign, a social media post, or an email blast, presenting your marketing text effectively is key. This is where a marketing text mockup comes in. A well-designed mockup helps you visualize how your text will appear […]
When embarking on a new web design project, designers often encounter the term “dummy text.” Understanding this placeholder text is crucial for creating visually appealing and functional websites. This guide will walk you through what dummy text is, why it’s important, and how to use it effectively in web design. What is Dummy Text? Dummy […]
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Comment *
Name *
Email *
Website
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.